Perumal: The Revered Deity of South Indian Vaishnavism
Introduction
In the rich tapestry of Hinduism, Perumal is one of the most significant and beloved deities, particularly in South India. Perumal is a name commonly used to refer to Lord Vishnu, who is regarded as the Supreme God in Vaishnavism. The term “Perumal” translates to “The Great One” or “The Supreme Lord” in Tamil, and devotees revere him as the protector and sustainer of the universe.
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Perumal is worshipped primarily by the Tamil-speaking Vaishnavite community, especially in the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka. His temples, known for their grandeur and architectural beauty, attract millions of devotees who seek his blessings for prosperity, protection, and spiritual liberation. He is particularly revered in the 108 Divya Desams, the holy shrines of Vaishnavism mentioned in the Tamil hymns of the Alvars, the poet-saints who sang in praise of Perumal.
This article delves into the significance of Perumal in Vaishnavism, exploring his various forms, the temples dedicated to him, and the rituals that are performed in his honor.
Etymology and Meaning of Perumal
The name Perumal is of Tamil origin, and it emphasizes the greatness and supremacy of Vishnu. The root of the word, Peru, means “great” or “vast,” while Mal is a term used to refer to Vishnu. Together, they convey the meaning of “The Great Vishnu” or “The Supreme Lord Vishnu.”
In other parts of India, the deity is more commonly known as Vishnu, Narayana, or even Krishna, but in Tamil Nadu, Perumal is the preferred title. His divine attributes include compassion, protection, and righteousness, and he is often depicted as a serene, benevolent figure holding the conch (shankha), discus (chakra), mace (gada), and lotus (padma), symbolizing his cosmic power and role as the protector of dharma.
The Role of Perumal in Vaishnavism
Vaishnavism is one of the principal traditions of Hinduism that focuses on the worship of Lord Vishnu and his avatars, including Krishna and Rama. Within this tradition, Perumal is worshipped as the ultimate deity who oversees the well-being of the universe. His role as the sustainer of creation is integral to the Vaishnavite worldview, where the cosmic cycle of creation, preservation, and destruction is governed by three deities—Brahma, Vishnu (Perumal), and Shiva.
Perumal is associated with compassion, and his divine interventions in the world are believed to help preserve righteousness and protect his devotees. In the Bhagavad Gita, Lord Krishna, an avatar of Vishnu, declares:
- “Whenever there is a decline in righteousness and an increase in unrighteousness, O Arjuna, at that time I manifest myself on earth.” (Bhagavad Gita 4.7)
This eternal promise to safeguard the world and its inhabitants is a key feature of Perumal’s role in Vaishnavism. Devotees look to him for protection, prosperity, and guidance on the spiritual path.
Perumal and the Alvars
The Alvars were Tamil poet-saints who lived between the 6th and 9th centuries CE, and their hymns are foundational to the worship of Perumal. The twelve Alvars composed thousands of hymns in praise of Perumal, glorifying his divine nature and narrating his compassionate acts. These hymns, collectively known as the Divya Prabandham, are central to the ritualistic and devotional practices of South Indian Vaishnavites.
Among the Alvars, notable figures such as Nammalvar, Andal, and Thirumangai Alvar have contributed significantly to the literary and devotional traditions surrounding Perumal. The Tiruppavai, composed by Andal, is one of the most popular and widely recited hymns during the Margazhi month (December–January) in Tamil Nadu. It praises Perumal for his divine qualities and urges devotees to surrender to him for eternal salvation.
Forms of Perumal in Different Temples
Perumal is worshipped in many forms across South India, often depending on the temple and local traditions. Some of the most prominent forms of Perumal are:
- Srirangam Perumal (Ranganatha): The deity of the renowned Ranganathaswamy Temple in Srirangam, Tamil Nadu, is revered as Ranganatha, a reclining form of Vishnu. Srirangam is considered the foremost of the 108 Divya Desams and is the largest functioning Hindu temple in the world.
- Venkateswara (Tirupati Perumal): Perhaps the most famous form of Perumal, Venkateswara is worshipped at the Tirumala Venkateswara Temple in Andhra Pradesh. He is believed to be a form of Vishnu who has descended to earth to bless devotees with prosperity and spiritual fulfillment. The temple at Tirumala is one of the richest and most visited religious sites in the world.
- Koodal Azhagar: This form of Perumal is worshipped in the Koodal Azhagar Temple in Madurai. Azhagar means “beautiful” in Tamil, and this form of Vishnu is known for his captivating beauty and grace. Koodal Azhagar is associated with the protection of dharma and the well-being of the people.
- Varadaraja Perumal: In Kanchipuram, the Varadaraja Perumal Temple is one of the Divya Desams where Lord Vishnu is worshipped as Varadaraja, the “King who grants boons.” Devotees believe that prayers offered at this temple can grant immense blessings and prosperity.
Each form of Perumal has distinct iconography, rituals, and festivals, but they all emphasize his role as the Supreme Protector and Savior.
Temples Dedicated to Perumal
South India is home to some of the most magnificent temples dedicated to Perumal. These temples not only serve as places of worship but also as centers of cultural and spiritual life. Some of the most notable Perumal temples include:
- Srirangam Temple (Tamil Nadu)
Srirangam is the most revered temple in the Sri Vaishnava tradition. Dedicated to Ranganatha, this temple complex is an architectural marvel, spanning 156 acres with seven enclosures. It is often referred to as Bhuloka Vaikuntha (heaven on earth) due to its sacredness. - Tirumala Venkateswara Temple (Andhra Pradesh)
This temple is dedicated to Lord Venkateswara, an incarnation of Perumal. Situated on the hills of Tirumala, it is one of the wealthiest and most visited temples in the world. Millions of devotees make their pilgrimage to seek the blessings of Venkateswara. - Kanchipuram Varadaraja Perumal Temple (Tamil Nadu)
Another significant Divya Desam, this temple is dedicated to Varadaraja Perumal. Kanchipuram is one of the seven holy cities in India, and the Varadaraja temple is a must-visit for devotees of Vishnu. - Azhagar Kovil (Tamil Nadu)
Situated near Madurai, this temple is dedicated to Koodal Azhagar Perumal. It is believed that Perumal descends from the hills to bless his devotees during the annual Chithirai Festival.
These temples are not only centers of spirituality but also embody centuries of architectural and cultural heritage, drawing pilgrims from around the world.
Rituals and Festivals of Perumal
The worship of Perumal is accompanied by elaborate rituals and festivals that reflect the deep devotion of the Vaishnavite community. These rituals, rooted in the Agamas (temple scriptures), include:
- Daily Aradhanas (Worship): Temples dedicated to Perumal follow a rigorous daily schedule of worship that includes multiple pujas (rituals) throughout the day. The Suprabhatam (morning hymn) is sung to wake up the deity, followed by offerings of food, flowers, and prayers.
- Brahmotsavam: One of the grandest festivals dedicated to Perumal, the Brahmotsavam is celebrated annually in temples such as Tirumala and Srirangam. It is believed that Brahma, the creator god, performs this festival in honor of Perumal. The festival involves grand processions, special rituals, and thousands of devotees coming together to witness the deity in various vahanas (celestial vehicles).
- Vaikunta Ekadashi: This is a highly significant festival for Vaishnavites, particularly for devotees of Perumal. It is believed that on this day, the gates of Vaikuntha (the abode of Vishnu) are opened, and devotees who observe fast and pray to Perumal are granted salvation.
- Panguni Uthiram: Celebrated in March or April, this festival marks the celestial wedding of Perumal and his consort. It is especially important in temples like Srirangam, where grand processions and rituals are performed.
Perumal in Devotional Literature
The Tamil devotional literature dedicated to Perumal is vast and encompasses
